The intention was to lay a 'pattern' like an elongated diamond, hopefully with the submarine somewhere inside it. It immediately and accurately illuminated the enemy, giving U-boat commanders less than 25seconds to react before they were attacked with depth charges. The equally terrible cost for the Germans was 783 U-boats, and 28,000 sailors. Stopped discrimination by threat as a union leader. The Battle of the Atlantic was won by the Allies in two months. The Empire of Japan also adhered to the idea of a fleet submarine, following the doctrine of Alfred Thayer Mahan, and never used their submarines either for close blockade or convoy interdiction. . This not only enabled U-boats to avoid detection by Canadian escorts, which were equipped with obsolete radar sets,[70][pageneeded] but allowed them to track convoys where these sets were in use. By 1941 german navy code was broken and the Allies began to use the convoy system and Wolf pack tactics. 2: The Battle of the Atlantic. Likewise, the US provided the British with Catalina flying boats and Liberator bombers that were important contributions to the war effort. Two million gross tons of merchant shipping13% percent of the fleet available to the Britishwere under repair and unavailable, which had the same effect in slowing down cross-Atlantic supplies.[37]. Dnitz had lost his three leading aces: Kretschmer, Prien, and Schepke. Then, use them to answer the question below. In addition, Allied convoys bound for the Russian ports of Murmansk and Archangelsk had to battle their way through savage air and undersea attacks. The Condors also bombed convoys that were beyond land-based fighter cover and thus defenceless. An escort could then run in the direction of the signal and attack the U-boat, or at least force it to submerge (causing it to lose contact), which might prevent an attack on the convoy. Allied victory in the Second World War would not have been possible without victory at sea. 300,000 Mexican, Native American, and African American men fought. Admiral Scheer quickly sank five ships and damaged several others as the convoy scattered. Only a handful of French ships joined the, The U-boats gained direct access to the Atlantic. The Battle of the Atlantic was longest continuous battle of WW2: True or False. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Two weeks later, in the battle of Convoy HX 112, the newly formed 3rd Escort Group of four destroyers and two corvettes held off the U-boat pack. Six Canadian destroyers and 17corvettes, reinforced by seven destroyers, three sloops, and five corvettes of the Royal Navy, were assembled for duty in the force, which escorted the convoys from Canadian ports to Newfoundland and then on to a meeting point south of Iceland, where the British escort groups took over. In response to this problem, one of the solutions developed by the Royal Navy was the ahead-throwing anti-submarine weaponthe first of which was Hedgehog. The explosion of a depth charge also disturbed the water, so ASDIC contact was very difficult to regain if the first attack had failed. Thousand of missions flown by the Luftwaffe to destroy the British RAF and the will of the British citizens. They cost the Merchant Navy more than 30,000 men, and around 3,000 ships. This quickly led to the loss of seven U-boats. Meanwhile, unprecedented merchant shipbuilding, especially in the United States, had caught up and begun to forge ahead of losses by autumn of that year. Dnitz's aim in this tonnage war was to sink Allied ships faster than they could be replaced; as losses fell and production rose, particularly in the United States, this became impossible. In the Battle of the Denmark Strait, the battlecruiser HMSHood was blown up and sunk, but Bismarck was damaged and had to run to France. These ships immediately attacked British and French shipping. [citation needed] His ships were also busy convoying Lend-Lease material to the Soviet Union, as well as fighting the Japanese in the Pacific. 2. begin I had just ________thinking of ways to keep cool, such as going to the beach or to a movie. Dead Japanese soldiers cover the beach at Tanapag, on Saipan Island, in the Marianas, on July 14, 1944, after their last desperate attack on the U.S. Marines who invaded the . In August, 1942, the UK Admiralty was informed. 7 December, 1941. 1939-1945. The U-boat surfaced again, a number of crewmen appeared on deck, and Thompson engaged them with his aircraft's guns. Our function was to close those gaps just before the convoys were due. C. ocurred Following the St Nazaire Raid on 28 March 1942, Raeder decided the risk of further seaborne attack was high and relocated the western command centre for U-boats to the Chteau de Pignerolle, where a command bunker was built and from where all Enigma radio messages between German command and Atlantic based operational U-boats were transmitted/received. Late in the war, the Germans introduced the Elektroboot: the Type XXI and short range Type XXIII. 26 May-4 June 1940. The Battle of the Atlantic was, as the Duke of Wellington said about the desperately close Battle of Waterloo, a "nearest-run thing." By early May 1945, the battle saw its last actions, and . It was both the largest armoured clash and the costliest single day of aerial warfare in history. Fliegerfhrer Atlantik responded by providing fighter cover for U-boats moving into and returning from the Atlantic and for returning blockade runners. The defeat of the U-boat threat was a prerequisite for pushing back the Axis in Western Europe. [40], Amongst the more successful Italian submarine commanders who operated in the Atlantic were Carlo Fecia di Cossato, commander of the submarine Enrico Tazzoli, and Gianfranco Gazzana-Priaroggia, commander of Archimede and then of Leonardo da Vinci.[41]. Early in the war, Dnitz submitted a memorandum to Grand Admiral Erich Raeder, the German navy's Commander-in-Chief, in which he estimated effective submarine warfare could bring Britain to its knees because of the country's dependence on overseas commerce. Only the head of the German Naval Section, Frank Birch, and the mathematician Alan Turing believed otherwise.[55]. Agreement was reached in July and the exchange was completed in September 1943.[78]. Two sets were required to fix the position. U-boat crews became heroes in Germany. The Luftwaffe also introduced the long-range He 177 bomber and Henschel Hs 293 guided glide bomb, which claimed a number of victims, but Allied air superiority prevented them from being a major threat. Test. This proves fatal in the battle of Midway. Gnter Hessler, Admiral Dnitz's son-in-law and first staff officer at U-boat Command, said: If they ran out of supplies, they could easily lose the war. On the line provided, write the correct form (past or past participle) of the verb given in italics. It enabled the U-boat to change position with impunity. The Battle of the Atlantic was German U-boats and American ships attacking each other in Atlantic. This was true in the Kriegsmarine as well; Raeder successfully lobbied for the money to be spent on capital ships instead. For the Allied powers, the battle had three objectives: blockade of the Axis powers in Europe, security of Allied sea movements, and freedom to project military power across the seas. At the same time, the British were working on a number of technical developments which would address the German submarine superiority. Since the, British destroyers were diverted from the Atlantic. What was important about the end of Operation Torch? Example 1. fly Have you ever flown\underline{\text{flown}}flown in a small plane? [citation needed], Between February 1942 and July 1945, about 5,000 naval officers played war games at Western Approaches Tactical Unit. Depth charges were dropped over the stern and thrown to the side of a warship travelling at speed. The only way to get there was by ship. The British merchant fleet was made up of vessels from the many and varied private shipping lines, examples being the tankers of the British Tanker Company and the freighters of Ellerman and Silver Lines. They did not . How did the federal government regulate American life during the war? Through dogged effort, the Allies slowly gained the upper hand until the end of 1941. Victory was costly: more than 70,000 Allied seamen, merchant mariners and airmen lost their lives, including . Although the Battle of the Atlantic continued until the end of the war and there remained attacks during 1944 and 1945, the Allies held the advantage from 1943. By August 1942, U-boats were being fitted with radar detectors to enable them to avoid sudden ambushes by radar-equipped aircraft or ships. Because hedgehog only exploded if it hit the submarine, if the target was missed, there was no disturbed water to make tracking difficultand contact had not been lost in the first place. Under Joseph Stalin, schools were reformed primarily to emphasize Joined later by Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, and Croatia, New French government set up by Marshal Philippe Ptain. Larger numbers of escorts became available, both as a result of American building programmes and the release of escorts committed to the North African landings during November and December 1942. They were unable to co-operate in wolf pack tactics or even reliably report contacts or weather conditions, and their area of operation was moved away from those of the Germans. A Royal Navy Fairey Swordfish aircraft of 816 Naval Air Squadron taking-off from the flight deck of HMS Tracker (D24) for an anti-submarine sweep in the North Atlantic between September 1943 and October 1943. Then the depth charges had to sink to the depth at which they were set to explode. Axis air power imperiled and eventually barred the direct route through the Mediterranean Sea to the Suez Canal, forcing British shipping to use the long alternative route around the Cape of Good Hope. While this was an embarrassment for the British, it was the end of the German surface threat in the Atlantic. Metox provided the U-boat commander with an advantage that had not been anticipated by the British. The early wartime Royal Navy procedure was to sweep the ASDIC in an arc from one side of the escort's course to the other, stopping the transducer every few degrees to send out a signal. The introduction of the Leigh Light by the British in January 1942 solved the second problem, thereby becoming a significant factor in the Battle for the Atlantic. German submarines, or U-boats, posed a constant threat to Allied vessels, even ships in U.S. coastal waters; by war's end, more than 2,500 would be sunk. How did manufacturers contribute to the war effort? How did the Allies liberate Europe and defeat Germany? 9 day Operation where 340,000 British soldiers were successfully evacuated across the English Channel by a 900 vessel fleet while under fire, Breathing tubes which permitted u-boats to operate diesel engines while submerged instead of running on batteries, submarine captured during the war in June 1944. How did women contribute to the war effort? In May, the Germans mounted the most ambitious raid of all: Operation Rheinbung. After this initial burst of activity, the Atlantic campaign quieted down. Between April and July 1940, the Royal Navy lost 24destroyers, the Royal Canadian Navy one. How did rationing contribute to the war effort? While U.S. commanders had favored a direct assault on mainland Europe, the British suggested an attack on North Africa as a way to reduce pressure on the Soviets. A month later, SL 67 was saved by the presence of HMSMalaya. It began on September 3, 1939 and lasted until the end of the war. Invasion of mainland Italy via Salerno. Admiral Ernest King, Commander-in-Chief United States Fleet (Cominch), who disliked the British, initially rejected Royal Navy calls for a coastal black-out or convoy system. Captain Raymond Dreyer, deputy staff signals officer at Western Approaches, the British HQ for the Battle of the Atlantic in Liverpool, said, "Some of their most successful U-boat pack attacks on our convoys were based on information obtained by breaking our ciphers."[72]. Principal Objective was to capture the port city of Cherbourg and establish a foothold in Europe by June 25th Cherbourg was captured and 40,000 soldiers were captuted. [34] The only consolation for the British was that the large merchant fleets of occupied countries like Norway and the Netherlands came under British control. With this there was hardly any need to triangulatethe escort could just run down the precise bearing provided, estimating range from the signal strength, and use either efficient look-outs or radar for final positioning. The vessels of the Norwegian Merchant Navy were placed under the control of the government-run Nortraship, with headquarters in London and New York. The German occupation of Norway in April 1940, the rapid conquest of the Low Countries and France in May and June, and the Italian entry into the war on the Axis side in June transformed the war at sea in general and the Atlantic campaign in particular in three main ways: The completion of Hitler's campaign in Western Europe meant U-boats withdrawn from the Atlantic for the Norwegian campaign now returned to the war on trade. U-boats simply stood off shore at night and picked out ships silhouetted against city lights. Fought largely by reservists in . 24 January-18 May 1944. Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS), Cryptanalysis of the Enigma M4 (German Navy 4-rotor Enigma), last actions of the Battle of the Atlantic, Irish Mercantile Marine during World War II, "The Battle of the Atlantic: The Gruesome Tale the Numbers Tell of Triumph and Tragedy", "Australian Sailors in the Battle of the Atlantic", "Turning point in Battle of the Atlantic", "British Losses & Losses Inflicted on Axis Navies", The Unseen War in Europe: Espionage and Conspiracy in the Second World War, "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: Murray [ne Clarke], Joan Elisabeth Lowther (19171996): cryptanalyst and numismatist", "Pignerolle dans la Seconde Guerre mondiale - PDF Tlchargement Gratuit", "Revealed: the careless mistake by Bletchley's Enigma code-crackers that cost Allied lives;", BRITISH LOSSES & LOSSES INFLICTED ON AXIS NAVIES, Aircraft against U-Boats (New Zealand official history), Battle of the Atlantic 70th Anniversary Commemorations, Navy Department Library, Convoys in World War II: World War II Commemorative Bibliography No. 1: The Battle of the Atlantic. America captures the last leg in their "Island hopping" technique and a staging ground for the invasion of Japan. From the summer of 1940 a small but steady stream of warships and armed merchant raiders set sail from Germany for the Atlantic. In response, the British applied the techniques of operations research to the problem and came up with some counter-intuitive solutions for protecting convoys. As Time magazine noted in June 1941, "if such sinkings continue, U.S. ships bound for other places remote from fighting fronts, will be in danger. ", - Advantage began to shift towards the British, - The battle reached its peak between February and May 1943, - 1939 : 222 ships sunk (114 by submarine), John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self, By the People: A History of the United States, AP Edition. The following day the U-boat was beached in an Icelandic cove. Diagraming Prepositional Phrases. B. occurted Around 2 million die in the bitter fighting. However, the combined assault by air, surface, and submarine forces failed to force Britain to surrender. Scheduled for November 8th 1942. An extraordinary incident occurred when a Coastal Command Hudson of 209 Squadron captured U-570 on 27 August 1941 about 80 miles (130km) south of Iceland. With so many German raiders at large in the Atlantic, the British were forced to provide battleship escorts to as many convoys as possible. The battle marks the turning point on the Mediterranean front. The British/Canadian forces meet the United States army and finally close the Falsies pocket on the 19 of August. The Battle of the Atlantic, was the naval clash that took place at the Atlantic Ocean, virtually in its entirety, fought during World War II between German ships, the U-Boot commanded by Admiral Karl Doenitz and almost all of the British squad. German paratroopers successfully attempted to invade Crete. For the first half of 1940, there were no German surface raiders in the Atlantic because the German Fleet had been concentrated for the invasion of Norway. Accept all mba my way Manage preferences. The Allies gradually gained the upper hand, overcoming German surface-raiders by the end of 1942 and defeating the U-boats by mid-1943, though losses due to U-boats continued until the war's end. Review the vocabulary words from the earlier discussion. With help from burgeoning Canadian naval and air forces, a fully escorted transatlantic convoy system was in place by May 1941, the same month that the German surface attacks on Allied trade routes collapsed with the loss of the battleship Bismarck. To this end, the Admiralty asked the Royal Canadian Navy on May 23, to assume the responsibility for protecting convoys in the western zone and to establish the base for its escort force at St. John's, Newfoundland. Shortly after the outbreak of war, the Royal Navy dispatched a force to hunt down the German pocket battleship Graf Spee. The Allied campaign (194243) in the Mediterranean depended almost entirely upon seaborne supply shipped through submarine-infested waters. First announced on August 14 . Centimetric radar greatly improved interception and was undetectable by Metox. The Type VIIC began reaching the Atlantic in large numbers in 1941; by the end of 1945, 568 had been commissioned. The Axis, in turn, hoped to frustrate Allied use of the Atlantic to wage war. Allies paratroopers attempt Operation Market Garden, a daring plan to size strategic bridges and then rush grounds forces up and across them. Many German warships were already at sea when war was declared in September 1939, including most of the available U-boats and the "pocket battleships" (Panzerschiffe) Deutschland and Admiral Graf Spee which had sortied into the Atlantic in August. During the storm. Squadron Leader J. Thompson sighted the U-boat on the surface, immediately dived at his target, and released four depth charges as the submarine crash dived. Explain your response. Match. buu mal. After suffering damage in the subsequent action, she took shelter in neutral Montevideo harbour and was scuttled on 17 December 1939. Running down the bearing of a HF/DF signal was also used by escort carriers (particularly USSBogue, operating south of the Azores), sending aircraft along the line of the bearing to force the submarine to submerge by strafing and then attack with depth charges or a FIDO homing torpedo. In 1940, the French Navy was the fourth largest in the world. These forces were aided by ships and aircraft of the United States beginning September 13, 1941. First German city to be captured by Allies. The Germans failed to stop the flow of strategic supplies to Britain. Diagram each sentence. The ordinary seamen were issued with an 'MNCanada' badge to wear on their lapel when on leave, to indicate their service. In 1939, it was generally believed at the British Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park that naval Enigma could not be broken. The Battle of the Atlantic, the longest continuous military campaign[11][12] in World War II, ran from 1939 to the defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945, covering a major part of the naval history of World War II. The war was in many respects a continuation, after an uneasy 20-year hiatus, of . Attempt by Germany during World War II to cut supply lines to Britain, For the Atlantic naval campaign of World War I, see, Early skirmishes (September 1939 May 1940), 'The Happy Time' (June 1940 February 1941), The field of battle widens (JuneDecember 1941), Battle returns to the mid-Atlantic (July 1942 February 1943), Climax of the campaign (MarchMay 1943, "Black May"), South Atlantic (May 1942 September 1943). Admiral Karl Dnitz, commander of the U-boat fleet, had planned a maximum submarine effort for the first month of the war, with almost all the available U-boats out on patrol in September. After their quarrel, Cynthia and Warren didn't talk to each other until Ann succeeded in reconciling them. These were "over-pessimistic threat assessments", Blair concludes: "At no time did the German U-boat force ever come close to winning the Battle of the Atlantic or bringing on the collapse of Great Britain". C. The war led to a boom in industrial production and a major increase in employment. [23] These regulations did not prohibit arming merchantmen,[24] but doing so, or having them report contact with submarines (or raiders), made them de facto naval auxiliaries and removed the protection of the cruiser rules. - The Germans targeted the British. The Battle of the Atlantic was one of the longest campaigns of World War Two, and it was proportionally among the most costly. The battle for HX 79 in the following days was in many ways worse for the escorts than for SC7. From 1942 onward, the Axis also sought to prevent the build-up of Allied supplies and equipment in the UK in preparation for the invasion of occupied Europe. They sank 397 ships totalling over 2million tons. [54] The rotors were changed every other day using a system of key sheets and the message settings were different for every message and determined from "bigram tables" that were issued to operators. Canadians established the first convoys in the American zone, and American convoys soon followed. In 1940, through the Destroyers for Bases deal, the United States turned over 50 World War I destroyers to Great Britain, which helped to make good previous naval losses. About this quiz: All the questions on this quiz are based on information that can be found on the page at World War II - Battle of the Atlantic . One example was the sinking of U-199 in July 1943, by a coordinated action of Brazilian and American aircraft. During that gap the Germans enjoyed their final major successes of the war: every Allied convoy was sighted, and over half were attacked. A stop-gap measure was instituted by fitting ramps to the front of some of the cargo ships known as catapult aircraft merchantmen (CAM ships), equipped with a lone expendable Hurricane fighter aircraft. Early British marine radar, working in the metric bands, lacked target discrimination and range. Stephenson.[49]. Once it was decided to attack, the escort would increase speed, using the target's course and speed data to adjust her own course. The Allies won because they had radar which allowed them to sense the U-boats. bird. Beginning in the autumn of 1940, German U-boat (submarine) attacks were dramatically successful, and over the winter Germany also sent out its major surface warships and air power. Not only would there be sufficient numbers of escorts to securely protect convoys, they could also form hunter-killer groups (often centered on escort carriers) to aggressively hunt U-boats. It worked simply with a crossed pair of conventional and fixed directional aerials, the oscilloscope display showing the relative received strength from each aerial as an elongated ellipse showing the line relative to the ship. The uprising was ultimately put down with heavy causalities. When news of the sinking reached the US, few shipping companies felt truly safe anywhere. By the end of the war, although the U-boat arm had sunk 6,000 ships totalling 21 millionGRT, the Allies had built over 38 million tons of new shipping. How did minorities contribute to the war effort? In essence, the Battle of the Atlantic involved a tonnage war; the Allied struggle to supply Britain, and the Axis attempt to stem the flow of merchant shipping that enabled Britain to keep fighting. https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-the-Atlantic, GlobalSecurity.org - Battle of the Atlantic, The Canadian Encyclopedia - Battle of the Atlantic, History Learning Site - Battle of the Atlantic. One hundred and twenty ships were sunk worldwide, 82ships of 476,000tons in the Atlantic, while 12U-boats were destroyed. Congress stabilized the prices of goods, raised taxes, and set up a system of rationing. Moreover, corvettes were too slow to catch a surfaced U-boat. Admiral King requested the Army's ASW-configured B-24s in exchange for an equal number of unmodified Navy B-24s. One of the more important developments was ship-borne direction-finding radio equipment, known as HF/DF (high-frequency direction-finding, or Huff-Duff), which started to be fitted to escorts from February 1942. [83], Germany and Italy subsequently extended their submarine attacks to include Brazilian ships wherever they were, and from April 1942 were found in Brazilian waters. Allies Strategic Victory and a foothold in Europe. D. Correct as is. The carrier aircraft were little help; although they could spot submarines on the surface, at this stage of the war they had no adequate weapons to attack them, and any submarine found by an aircraft was long gone by the time surface warships arrived. Review the words in the vocabulary list from the earlier discussion. Identify the pair of words as synonyms or antonyms. Norwegian tankers carried nearly one-third of the oil transported to Britain during the war. He formerly served Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. [10] The Italians were also successful with their use of "human torpedo" chariots, disabling several British ships in Gibraltar. The effort failed. Submarine Warfare by the Germans proved highly successful early in the war. In particular, this was because most of the ships sunk by U-boats were not in convoys, but sailing alone, or having become separated from convoys. So there was a time lag between the last fix obtained on the submarine and the warship reaching a point above that position. From the German perspective, with the conquest of western Europe complete, knocking Britain out of the war by attacking its trade seemed a manageable objective. By Mohammed Vasanwala. To obtain information on submarine movements the Allies had to make do with HF/DF fixes and decrypts of Kriegsmarine messages encoded on earlier Enigma machines. Siege failed and the Allies advanced through Belgium, American and Soviet forces met at the Elbe river effectively cutting Germany in half, Mussolini captured and killed trying to escape to Switzerland, Adolph Hitler commits suicide after naming Admiral Dnitz his successor, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self. Around 200 000 people died on both sides and the war in Europe was over. At the outbreak of the war, Canada possessed 38 ocean-going merchant vessels. It was to be many months before these ships contributed to the campaign. [90][91][92], By fall 1943, the decreasing number of Allied shipping losses in the South Atlantic coincided with the increasing elimination of Axis submarines operating there. The remaining U-boats, at sea or in port, were surrendered to the Allies, 174 in total. These were primarily Fw200 Condors and (later) Junkers Ju 290s, used for long-range reconnaissance. How did A. Philip Randolph contribute to the war effort? With the change of range, the radar doubled its pulse repetition frequency and as a result, the Metox beeping frequency also doubled, warning the commander that he had been detected and that the approaching aircraft was at that point 9 miles away. Exercises in anti-submarine warfare had been restricted to one or two destroyers hunting a single submarine whose starting position was known, and working in daylight and calm weather. These aircraft were few in number, however, and directly under Luftwaffe control; in addition, the pilots had little specialised training for anti-shipping warfare, limiting their effectiveness. Nor were they able to focus their effort by targeting the most valuable cargoes, the eastbound traffic carrying war materiel. In December 1941, Convoy HG 76 sailed, escorted by the 36th Escort Group of two sloops and six corvettes under Captain Frederic John Walker, reinforced by the first of the new escort carriers, HMSAudacity, and three destroyers from Gibraltar. The ordinary sailors, however, had no uniform and when on leave in Britain they sometimes suffered taunts and abuse from civilians who mistakenly thought the crewmen were shirking their patriotic duty to enlist in the armed forces. The institution of an interlocking convoy system on the American coast and in the Caribbean Sea in mid-1942 resulted in an immediate drop in attacks in those areas. More than 2,400 British ships were sunk. The British government, via the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT), also had new ships built during the course of the war, these being known as Empire ships. 6 June 1944. Allies lost 23 million tons during the battle of the Atlantic. They found a enigma machine, which was used by the Germans to send messages which allowed them to track the U-boats movements. [93] From then on, the battle in the region was lost by Germany, even though most of the remaining submarines in the region received an official order of withdrawal only in August of the following year, and with (Baron Jedburgh) the last Allied merchant ship sunk by a U-boat (U-532) there, on 10 March 1945.[94]. Halifax - The Spring Board by John Horton, in which the flurry of dockyard activity during the Second World War is clearly evident.
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