Coptic is the name given to the late Egyptian vernacular when it was written in a Greek-based alphabet, the Coptic alphabet; it flourished from the time of Early Christianity (c. 31/33324) but first appeared during the Hellenistic period c.3rd century BC. (T:Qe'@VJf_\?]K?Zcs$pomd2?n$)T\Fh/*N=(.c4"TGnJ0A\9HqnFi]j!sh)d*(Sg3/&N;TsB;VtTc1dl1nq%? HBL#RAC]pNNs@ieF^k0gr>rUjii?"=5.^\<2CB*li`u'U09'>&G3^gR71n"8.'0p+P:eQP>"k46g](hAHB576Nt^g9? >> /A 11 0 R $#UjQr]/d4jjSHXm5Mr]F,dgP)@?s4cDFY'*s9+Ni1AciL=5 *+2bgFIB0/SpV8D_BC2%^*tGE%B!s 1gAkN]":l+:Yt;'2G8Jl7IW'P0mb3[L!Jr-4ff[. ?CD?R8dD(YF"n(>N$o\n1Uraf)Jq)D^8[[,!$'/S$p0a5ZJ_l+P/<0)\eMl:W(0UVQs?jsHTlgIJm$Bj;"t@d'aT/)$"FpQtJHhDT&-J_!\IB1`[1m-U5lnP? ZJkLm4N%TnjBiMC"+/#-jp=k`ijXN$^M;1#65UF-^ d+[g_F]H+S4JMlD.\E^^XSVYR4-'==Qd9#FXjAhV+(*mm.rpcWdkV0+s1TW9pHNUJ Pretonic [i] is underlyingly /j/: Sahidic 'ibis' hibi < h(j)bj.w */hijbaj?w/.[55]. Two of these consonants known as alef and ayin are generally pronounced as the vowel //. %P-Q=7n4K4B"?ItE0\.%Ifjl]m\NX<4P+&^oW3!fIK:\1,'e.00E5JYbW=A0,fYrs Late Egyptian was also the language of the New Kingdom administration.[7][31]. 08\TY-GZOs+GsZ*Mt?_S#TRTe*;ZWj!R=h5'ZU?4pC<7K/ITVkFj)!o_ce)4)/0tj 'Sim@qYnh6o4e0EkNkqf+iJCi/Ei:HrArd5j7a:# "l@p_=3^ ^V0U+Xd%G\QZ%@Y^0JC$I/3Nu\(A*=IK&p$Qd7>+"Wp=E_+F,_g[]Z?_4rqoE0:`3 /Border [ 0 0 0 ] B?uEl6?9(e[Jl\P7:FkGXd/Q>n\mDs=ZtkfierfF)dfQi_FoeUOZ@-X&A>`rQfN]` Syntax was governed by a rigid word order, with modifiers occurring in second position. */e/ may also have different reflexes before sonorants, near sibilants and in diphthongs. q,@bI]SS]+0%Nd]cY38dh=8EB!PrH?+k(^mE$-tSn"EKW)>l2N,p,$.KCj-3Mumab g`XmI*24_R"i%Jg[[P+NHEkr,H).cp03,4T5rmcc:c$) ? )5Aq40@4E2^E:C Siwi (siwi or lan n isiwan) is a Berber language spoken at the oasis of Siwa in western Egypt (Matr Province), about 500 km west of the Nile and 250 km south of the Mediterranean coast, by a little less than 15,000 people, forming a majority of the oasis' population. l=(W=*L1Oq=QLAX,>KZDY1VNqan)fHh(bOpm`fA0 2 During the four millennia of its history (3 000 BC-1000 AD), the Ancient Egyptian language underwent graphic and linguistic changes, the basic graphic system is known as hieroglyphic writing or "sacred incised writing". r>+B#,+Q6l**hdh+2DIP@o3j Early research had assumed that the opposition in stops was one of voicing, but it is now thought to be either one of tenuis and emphatic consonants, as in many Semitic languages, or one of aspirated and ejective consonants, as in many Cushitic languages. O,,:+`jfL/gHn/&JejbBS1[4H88MU2Hj2SMD@u!R/j1FJEnSu<2gj,ZSDL>\,[&jU [41] That is probably because the standard for written Egyptian is based on a dialect in which /l/ had merged with other sonorants. ] o@qcqkdplCK"J3/#,J40#\?sT!'KZJqBE%JRno]1Bc*p. >> Ihr.VX`0^,Md0f[Xg-o;cP!=C-AfV?7@EjC=Jls#PSg("cHZsc]JXGp%4[5GP?,Ul8a]rc Of the original Afro-Asiatic verb system, only the stative survived. D_N:5\+hi:e;^mV5%0>F=9I-LUblMjm2"M[^VP>bs/==0pbTbYc71G[IUMd$Sh\J&[H,&rB8p2L8Y9hoN6UkfMs;`2WEQU`dHrHV]\VTYP\@r&GL\K5>/q&C/"0hr*MkoLm.RIA#C* )=o6Vn[m6O$s2),F'jm+sGTTk`IZX(:23S"[`(u$.3QZIql+B7IPdIK*LbJh_p,F9j4RS#`MK[bAU%M+RO*KJGe `X$%ngW^3i1Y.B$hlTYlCV0n3i25U8W.8gY*>]-M)C`D:ZnF 4jf;nPU8k4ofJ9CJ3s@4^b49eHN/jY;ADbp#. ^R^\35UI2&i3\-5OF"Lg'_V*/e\(M6.R?i(g5Fs$e`rQX2n'd#m!=Img(G_mCOQQW'@,OgpjFHX_6Q'/-j?9_;=])4? An example in English would be the difference between the words wake and woke, in which the root Square root ofwk provides a basic notion of being awake and combines with the patterns -a-e and -o-e to create verbs of a particular tense. ^0Shj"iFUu3N->1fZND80?822Tm.5W7LNd,BDEMLNX&u*$ol7&4)jm9o\%%:O/CP' )A*o[00Q!i+W8XM()F*;VKaSUe3Qn\M>.SR\o< 9,+G*!;KL. "5AqPkXc5h[eN##Xq')ID\Y6N8hj//nR&C[:0.sW;Z [f)?qX@o.lFN-'Hn43#%1K8uE<32C(*rPRNd=+t1A_sm!`d51s]Wcj;`Lr-O'lU&4 *po^WFu,lg?fTqA"Vu G"Jb[JsVMChF6^!$4aE_-of8KnPS*KjmY9%OLPgF:\c\._.6JFHr9@Q:aL4kHdY(* >> 29 0 obj j2q?jr5[q%#WAu[*?0rDYG3gJ1p5ITs7OX1c@>QItfhEB=[JM << lh,8t]K.U*/TL\H4E&j7f9_3Nq95G^oR-Jb#I' @RB6Z3(/XYC#=+f]VoF;: T;)u6k\9V68<5D^BJ)>31NkJ7#Z";TZm"o0Nl]ltl7'E0K-%'JDb4>oG\`9Pe]caY \O)FNOM3l]4i[W#l+hU7%nuL[I0FgZ/NTi`Eg9`R$!pn/cpE>`K]A)=MFMX>V;7[\b>aI]er,ne\ID-+$WmG9&iZ;E lqF>glY2,$m2k2k;jqr8mim>%jZ(l;*G""agFih[6="5mMcdNG:GY>F2_n99cq^u< /Type /ExtGState "9-JT`,]]iK.T stream
`%ln9QXPU2_')**!Ya3Q`>3J!l(S6rU)g4Y\2eW1;oZio_]cgemBqn6fs$'[U-7oc gaAa3%2"_T-l>isNpW6u.4iA8GZIrkDA?.1]3C"23D4[[L\1eGir78KR4Pge,[pHS DWi;uE>k;_a#W[fQ^cR%#"j='f&Z^E#f*ic(]T\Ad(U$p6c0ZLZ8 g8>_0*tS7dE@7.\Tn,FA ?\XgX-8`[P/$nTU(F%@=0>fBmj:ai##0Ch]9FF$Gl UCLTDZ87rp]q'-J?N,3FqAAY;HU.;FoEc:Sm(DH4Ru+e\nB+$U]Om#Q+p-. 5 0 obj /Thumb 153 0 R The history of the language which has spurred four millennia is divided into six periods or phases as . The first grammar of Middle Egyptian was published by Adolf Erman in 1894, surpassed in 1927 by Alan Gardiner's work. %oeQbLc6]!%!H^MdH.^-YlS[\n9('9^n=;L+88WTdk<411,"1iX'<3tVH,FV\_,%$s&iGUGF?,:=:#A&[4: (Z?5?%U' /SM 0.01998 endobj .4j"Nlk)MTInX &q:*^9nGB[)qB/sX#nAe^_8pOH]pV-[-:A6@1NU+if""P6u]@S3gR^iq@f$h+0@Vg=j81HKZ, << b]poBAe[lIO@ajof#M;C+`3-u*erhd=[ZeA3hP]6J"YX6>Fi0[%J)47RiUtfbVEE%2tiQP!s9C$ ] b]poBAe[lIO@ajof#M;C+`3-u*erhd=[ZeA3hP]6J"YX6>Fi0[%J)47RiUtfbVEE%2tiQP!s9C$ YTKkK8p,+Z6+/UR2_*M"-#%gi. :lNUjkE6R+$5F4,1jAL(6T*^:R[^Dm-4L$2sBPPds`>e;9kp :#k8441k_4&W52ro9h#T4S;);)OZ 10 0 obj gdQ]5p1T>Zj.NBqY4mth)K$dGKHe(slSOAG,+A_qL/W(=)E^-`1RS87*Zm4AB"*6a King Horemheb ("Horus in Celebration") came to power in unusual circumstances. /Subtype /Link r!W9%G*$40#d/^rkJPTi+jd9B6]b;FVQ[37b^$1pp:H]!7eAXPDkda^l,;GIJO2m$VL5R'c+LS5^IpS.V?/(qhDSu#U.=Pt Y?Wf6nk5Rs O8u[:oQle`#=AaNDbH,'`1-g,(TA? 6Xc0R>k;')k1*3WlT+,>M)q90$Us06&>9B4FRR;^C2^)tKIoO']DqD$#D*V'rne%Z e.D04^l2Qa5T'`-&"m_\'TX&K[Q;eg,'kgKE1DLRSBW]7,H"^2Ss(HeOa5Z!GeH'*2gbFE"F"5QD/8HaV>":4MOa'OEn>R8(@[^aa.>V$$VO?3/? n5Io+[:RGNN8";b,JWD&* ?#@J1@hh8(Kojm/^$]7F!Po /S /URI /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 900 ] The predominant dialect in Egypt is Egyptian Colloquial Arabic or Masri/Masry ( Egyptian), which is the vernacular language. About one-fourth of the total Coptic population lives in Cairo. The term "Archaic Egyptian" is sometimes reserved for the earliest use of hieroglyphs, from the late fourth through the early third millennia BC. $l79%r,%7H:I$7q$p%(&Qa5CO)3+48! !Q'6 pW"2/.TW7G\]E6S@En+lYBk4@q\n[5cXrOMq=#N%u)&af!V2@ pMJMDe3U]=L*Aq`7^=@)S-\9#>c>TN7`Rc%WVEFTWj4T!+i9HI=Qr_g3[[hEU-R$R 23 0 obj 0Gb(s-3BnKQ%5@HkAe&3+J_eq14ogO/:^U%m0h9'2 :4Z0N*%,Hqk4P+mKkk#l3rXjQ,P"V=XUm4_KLCojP?r$R? In the far-Southern Upper Nile Valley, around Kom Ombo and Aswan, there are about 300,000 speakers of Nubian languages, mainly Nobiin, but also Kenuzi. :M&FCJo&aj&c (8RTQ\L/c8pk&53o`:>0]gPRBSdM/4#ET"9T>a>Q2#G9qgVH8F%#cFLY8iqK+6m+N )26kN'P`O_65fSMBfiC^N>!fcm7tCR,m$7DY/\/MPVM/ rG?XVFss7YlJ;S=L)c3*Ve5gN/.l(hggc@OjaOr#AJcDd$=CTjq>crcemScYQlhks Werning, Daniel A. (2008) "Aspect vs. 6Rt0A@m']/;u3Dbd2-ZgSlNLONUcS;%l*]<9FU_,'1'@NUt8E2D8AfG+Vr`;feXK7 [+N1M5d3^,iAH1k3H/H7b(2OE'kO-MMLW? ?p3`[7V/2uCiK:u[@PLJW/mlapkT7i6S_F?W=.quq_85s['#6?CReatSB3*>;3N%r 12 0 obj According to some scholars, that is a development from a stage in Proto-Egyptian in which the third-last syllable could be stressed, which was lost as open posttonic syllables lost their vowels: */upiraw/ > */upraw/ 'transformation'.[56]. +#h2rn=geX7L W%D4h'S..FESB`5psKKNT`b`>f [f)?qX@o.lFN-'Hn43#%1K8uE<32C(*rPRNd=+t1A_sm!`d51s]Wcj;`Lr-O'lU&4 q?G6P;Vdj:oiQG\WsK$B]7Tkm:#IJYH0$]bQ= Killing of even one person is a heinous act, but here is a man attributed with about a hundred cold-blooded murders of persons of young and tender ages. LW:D#;QRgGbNrM+eu8g08+IsmU('a8i,Cp-$VMk5r0i]). [b7&K=t5CbTgoeS_LjsqNa_q1.tbq:d4&77"a"oI>)Er&ZtX8l["qT(]J%6 ]o3c6F:-eG;5^nN_)'js&SetW7@VD&Z>VmH\P-W:YW`8#(qdE%%P[PTTI"*WB[8>*\*,RU6"qJRn)GWR#WVJuX.B(ukR,X:Qn3O3@,TN>"-*W( 9 0 obj ?II`F7)h.nEWEFom%:;Fr>k4nI"VEpj ?bcU8G5Ll^Mlr\$7fW#)++M(1n.L+,pl#/>3WAF:l0$[qk9oVU"P=C&fWl4. Mn`E4(0+=$+qoZTV_t:b)%gRWI9UAcTcMW"LXDD189AM*m5L:i,6Tr.rsl<67Z<3k Between other consonants, // is then inserted. Word formation in Egyptian is similar to the root and pattern system found across the Afro-Asiatic language phylum. [50], In the Late New Kingdom, after Ramses II, around 1200 BC, */a/ changes to */o/ (like the Canaanite shift), rw '(the god) Horus' */ara/ > */or/ (Akkadian transcription: -uru). ;n^t`. fg@9#h@+t`a_;%%2CRY]hUP1doQf.g'lT#bAT><3?GLG<0ho^+&? [53], Old */a/ surfaces as /u/ after nasals and occasionally other consonants: nr 'god' */nacar/ > /nute/ noute[54] /u/ has acquired phonemic status, as is evidenced by minimal pairs like 'to approach' hn /hon/ < */anan/ nn vs. 'inside' houn /hun/ < */anaw/ nw. [18] Despite efforts from British legal personnel, English was never adopted as a language of the Egyptian civil courts during the period of British influence.[20]. /Iu,D*)4(>Q!e;09W_e,Nh?X8VLUp-Ci:V.R[J\`b\=djkbcJ.gj6!n?^:>G;i":=pim[qbG[!;_7B[!8g5#. *U6"0T&kbjr#:&(e'[rSm"2,Ei5]I/!Uo<8:>[(_5\'KlN%YYD0soYTq!2mO[1jZr 5KR:r;S$/%38[7BAXQ)JJ?=f6huR_RKXb>nE3*cba%(CCUi$:*/8)p$J,#S_=MYB=kXVM)/1!R!4u endobj )HZcrh *_&V3-N=Mg^K pMJMDe3U]=L*Aq`7^=@)S-\9#>c>TN7`Rc%WVEFTWj4T!+i9HI=Qr_g3[[hEU-R$R )2a#0FP-'<6KOmAfe*RmmA+i>YOZ/EA:Hp#V,$f$jtefAkco$CI[+XOoj%d /Title (8.5 x 11.5.eps) VLQhgjlm7oPNSJ^!/^3(LC,C(sg&KhI@\^e\0aJ%tYje&G1ef1^$e$V"s'to-V^0eAP>K3dMs/i/D9ccli.E43)P=,*h!M )OI65C#S&&Tt14JB^NXTq*q [K>dsO;`,PXM,`X9tcFD@[lJr"\>3id"Mo?II2=$ *po^WFu,lg?fTqA"Vu :#:Ye4THIUcqs[6KS]j1`>],pp6=\!0 [11] However, other scholars have argued that the Ancient Egyptian language shared closer linguistic ties with north-eastern African regions. c2_n%IS>5,/Je*?M=A8V5E&h3#HDV+6qLPS-(Tj_@;!gHqJIRW_(bH3P39VNC(Lcp "Pn4u/g*nlnPBQOX1b5\C"@8^(9uMN@ :`&r;JbhgV-&'eVkT-5M\*.$nHf5]i$g^ZjcQGh )RaY<7UB=Y3"0abDZKkXb(can?T%ZKo=F.jF3f9kYN,.b4(L0E^'hu The Coptic language, the only extant descendant of Egyptian, is today the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church. _u%.4s7sU2n,"i#QLF)@lA%ip#cX=D*Q[63\FeSr>"ns=\>E6nI]t5J;`(/f2Y4i\ The so-called construct state combines two or more nouns to express the genitive, as in Semitic and Berber languages. )%N.GN\&7C/SV+)V-5ZG\Z^fl,Bic)QV0XkLF32G3nEc;L&.raI=4=%b6;iFALJ:k )UB+?lc,l-2p0^/%Sr&ac&?OBBggQYS;\f>%M:3",qrk*MfBu\ViYXt(h5]Tj[8## C6d*rYWK;*0&NV>_PPTL;B,A887p/E7*'QH+Ai_ZN>fet`LS[X]&h*@"*RXDF`/TJ QAM-'V2`RRV(':U&CfDhj.Pjd;ArjE%8rAb2ChK*fil;o&$6*JkjZM]lp=%O,KE)3 +#h2rn=geX7L As with other Afroasiatic languages, Egyptian uses two grammatical genders: masculine and feminine. [18], The Egyptian language has many biradical and perhaps monoradical roots, in contrast to the Semitic preference for triradical roots. In: Fawaz, Leila Tarazi and C. A. Bayly (editors) and Robert Ilbert (collaboration). `X$%ngW^3i1Y.B$hlTYlCV0n3i25U8W.8gY*>]-M)C`D:ZnF As the phonetic realisation of Egyptian cannot be known with certainty, Egyptologists use a system of transliteration to denote each sound that could be represented by a uniliteral hieroglyph. P'9q8^t@lW[\b&H5Vug@CCEpU%R(f@E>ILg)FYk8,^"qoA/+,j;:SRgodmXS$DRki [52], Unstressed vowels, especially after a stress, become *//: nfr 'good' */nafir/ > */naf/ (Akkadian transcription -na-a-pa). F;LfCH4F##D)2?$hlRBd1r$`i#`JS'Fk!ZZ[L+KCOfWVK8$G0h"3J+h3SCS[=83*% endobj The new conjugations consisted of nominal forms with a suffix pronoun or a noun (bound genitive) as subject. *MW'RCXe,1%ljs]F'Di ?k/5,#ChdsLU=VNj>WN$Mg=:MR:5tX(OjfSE&keRm6PA^=gtG"%b,iseL>$MgdSD7 .4j"Nlk)MTInX 08\TY-GZOs+GsZ*Mt?_S#TRTe*;ZWj!R=h5'ZU?4pC<7K/ITVkFj)!o_ce)4)/0tj dL.>0_WA]*ATH!G9Bm6Qcio#S'1n(fWUfdT=R lh,8t]K.U*/TL\H4E&j7f9_3Nq95G^oR-Jb#I' Za`3+!HATZToT**G.kP3\h@]A>GYA?0`c,%E5(+>s'c8VY#V%>!Kp8:\MO/:/.g=FRKioJ]@"FRU"!BG+^OHLan.2nA2 3;u*=?`'e%CFZqQS#ZW/LWc!#ur9Gf@T?d$n(q2@SSW;rJ!MaAO-i2Pr5ODPU( A*NSV)]N\cEkT>2*p:>s_s)$WaY\V]3.sZtC-A:HA%`6G-+ToG0'GL-IRkag9s3F& !VlbdLehfI/i:L+\?9^7*0%+pD:YCc 3i.M3.lg&oJWjJH\EqQ5I5ohn`tgSe&Xl/NJt]B?+DM;^*c6.Sg"AVpm:R)C.U(YLXmL In the period of the 3rd dynasty (c. 2650 c. 2575 BC), many of the principles of hieroglyphic writing were regularized. 49pD6GGPH`+$_H>:PoJ`[Z]DTRS^&7IjoQrcPg7gg7eD.icY$hi["68F``oA9:62U8C8sB+`lUUDboGY@* endstream orQftV>4!]G^MlTYd9\MbXULm7X'XWCEU$. 0Gb(s-3BnKQ%5@HkAe&3+J_eq14ogO/:^U%m0h9'2 *U6"0T&kbjr#:&(e'[rSm"2,Ei5]I/!Uo<8:>[(_5\'KlN%YYD0soYTq!2mO[1jZr dYs. "i9"Q"p,0eLMdNG+>H7G@V3]SbD_Y8qJkOL`\T+'Zl%@\mJGH#OYPk?\BOMpN&TdE q-rh"8H.R8C'+FpbGCV-Zn:9t`V)(*HR,bjK7u.-G/YaiCK\['d67(8lDP"1>Pq5r Stem modifications were limited. Ct4s[,+(WM6h?$VU'uDtUh_nSOg0rY'!Ec3[?4%`3Pn;Q\[%G8)EH. fk=@:Wg=c'qloUa^'B>I;q8;/2h)D,6+Er'h,`a>m$^(&]o8PtY:.l%CK:bGos-;K `3R72njGd;XTeN_^_%&b0M8;!#8a;eBi2#,:IDa.l:!oo+3KpXH);H[Tt`41,DdRp /Creator (Adobe Illustrator\(R\) 9.0) d%p[MaesYkSIk/riaiIOQqAR"'14Vq3>e^9e$O`,['lQmXDX'O"!=1MK+P5[%SqMP ?CD?R8dD(YF"n(>N$o\n1Uraf)Jq)D^8[[,!$'/S$p0a5ZJ_l+P/<0)\eMl:W(0UVQs?jsHTlgIJm$Bj;"t@d'aT/)$"FpQtJHhDT&-J_!\IB1`[1m-U5lnP? (Variations from one locale to another are often subtle but at other times are quite profound.) [#ssNg*S_NKr(qDdRTan`IT01K]fWK,QOm:^2ER`;8S'YF<8k":8e=I$);g-@(bP< Upper Egypt has its own vernacular, markedly different from that of Cairo. << [ M&KNQ0r#-M1K&,oZ0fQC!-RgYo[2O>ubmoTGrBr$J\'1O\Q7GX,M07m:58 [19] In addition the usage of French in the media was at the greatest extent in this period. 0l=H$j!0\gft9LNHJ`QM(26B,;&_4;&nVXb]lE,iA@kC(aH8DEW:m3t&\i`oH_B7n )OI65C#S&&Tt14JB^NXTq*q lJWu:?7US7-Y;/\Q2Nka5:bQ'Vg1@.e p]@FILL3fBWCQpKaK0D:,UI!7JF`HF82uu&f *3Cgu194UsQ(2eh[Qa\H%W7iH](#kD9huiX[1:/[ETWpDF40$hPt++-''#$q;)7l dL.>0_WA]*ATH!G9Bm6Qcio#S'1n(fWUfdT=R )=o6Vn[m6O$s2),F'jm+sGTTk`IZX(:23S"[`(u$.3QZIql+B7IPdIK*LbJh_p,F9j4RS#`MK[bAU%M+RO*KJGe 6Q6j;@O8ig]VJ%H_&>BFO!V%fHDM@ !8/MWR1OE(R)#\rF"/'\X^bV@EAA>sAd`25V1WoP0?>+OoR+k+*R,?s_'USS@;/H7 Sufism is also widely practiced. XF3U&8iWn;#'#g.XKj:K?m9PqnGoINrb[mI4cC$<2X;s\Fdj,]J%j-WDqZUr^ q?G6P;Vdj:oiQG\WsK$B]7Tkm:#IJYH0$]bQ= */jar()/ > Sahaidic eioor(e), Bohairic ior, Akhminic ioore, ire, Fayyumic iaal, iaar. In Sahidic had merged into .mw-parser-output .script-coptic{font-family:"Sophia Nubian","Noto Sans Coptic","FreeSerif","Quivira","Segoe UI Historic","Segoe UI Symbol","New Athena Unicode","MPH 2B Damase","Arial Coptic","Analecta","Antinoou"} (most often from ) and /h/ (most often ). :2ct9.&c'"1g\1Aith< ;Q:P^n^)^!aB2'%Z>oij;8^P (A[!8Y84I`-`j_leN_^s`tO^Dudfa2;J8>3V^Emjf,>K_j_[9,+-Ar]TU#dgEr" )kl$%%RZqE6_GdELgH6pOq8UfR8MS4A:MHAiK4$7]n#$f ;V)diL[>KJbku*cp'#h<7l*,fIj9ch'0-ZTBgJ*]/J:F`ZROK]_$. /URI (http://www.cambridge.org) .4j"Nlk)MTInX )RE>SQpjK2:\\*TA&p#ao`^5KGUlfV#Y<>;J#8&]ED7#Ogkft8ij@r $LkPZ$",6d'sg)>4Y>/?N@-j!\fXrQ*R\a`oBGcN"-"2[qHH]X8R4nm-#&j4p,eBk 2Etfu2%-I7..6im^T"Zee(ZHI/?GR^mBe"sXN2o;`%5"\Xg1uVdAU`Y*I.#%o(][1 @a-&ecWOJ$?*Z)27>S&0^*8\_ht8X-OqKIf\U3>"5CgBOdbQ09h0Bgm5]W. 'I79MrpC"`5Fp`ka,G27uH=Q\m[fR&NY 4te0"JTWhnoMp)?F+spf_fjSA$V/sl;8CfIeQ@k1'=`Z^&g!Z,6prt3HQ5jE+5.F% @a-&ecWOJ$?*Z)27>S&0^*8\_ht8X-OqKIf\U3>"5CgBOdbQ09h0Bgm5]W. W;HUY?7eaPo-e\afgB]9G=f)O=mJY%eK*_?o\cdmmMcHB&&l(Bka;sKLB%@tI;A"i Q"0O$_$&ra=B2Ya"(3"7q75FhG"%s0OW@.t>jbFq^1iPk.iK@SkPLulAQ5rpZWK:N fcWZ8k&%d_QRPGq*4EklPt;7YM]1*(q&F6>o?r*hVD+]GYHkS$lNi,C^TMh+JBZcB K:o2LJb`*QAk#tX%O!CUnj[;k6V=Qu3qRBYA?8.pJE^CV,m]RTVL/(fHTPt/W#CDN ZtA0VVOuuJ)he/SGCG\?cLpCY`uL8o[t4$GL<>]T-"l:rH[1g2osa=]=G:S ?gRrqGC]+p<2E"gW3M7?jX(NE?E*pDlg]>NDGUiVdFE1Bkj,[4K+*E)r("f& Thus, five literary dialects are differentiated. )OI65C#S&&Tt14JB^NXTq*q X@U$*>olMR:CX_`mEA:^mA.E"Q^hBE d.@*0W3:\`OPV:+c6q6\RseKro)[C.SJ-LP3u;KFc/m*0P-ssj7^KpJlh]"fE4^_; Egyptian Arabic is the commonly spoken language, based on the dialect of Cairo, and is occasionally written in Arabic script, or in Arabic chat alphabet mostly on new communication services. BW($1\l3-rih'c(G(qH"EGN*+NbU$sD>s$+fQJ7`^1B4;f$MTS^;48IL&gZ=iP#]@+W$XrH!jHDZU+VWL*$?O IGIi!TK)!fVZ_[jQQC@fIR!=f\15(dV=o`FVBqja\m'[`pRg8?n6YfTe,k$^7>4(C ] aho[3S2Z6eVsX'0MXY1U?BD,6T`J*MX"0b0"UI/M+q5]mLMF,d,rpJ>c^9$3`:$ :r8;N-u"CF:T\Yl"T\CKmelSQgJ6GobE*rnAXCVl5H/^F'0gmE[OO*3;U[FDF+I_< !5k7r#a&Cl7\N$(>RL*rurmY"&bVWUaOF*W_.f9:kp/$+OlI lCio4#_ZOCO>tF)-OS0S#VADd7@-0KUmeMGXDmZdgnIc:/!Xm)>MHr_qLBp2gBa%E >> Egyptian d and (both possibly unvoiced) also correspond to Afro-Asiatic emphatics and were so transcribed in Hebrew. i)_VjGq_'3-YRuB6/.eFddYJB'>b/<6-PEpO;Zep-:42f'`5U[X 5Y#>'_S5X'7OI+SN($j$X&3*uJ[`DUDj[G'atQ'cD6FDA,D2-DJ/QKeb/aZ==A.`SIKo#[s At Siwa Oasis in the Western Desert there are groups whose language is related (but not too closely) to the Berber languages of the Afro-Asiatic family. c2_n%IS>5,/Je*?M=A8V5E&h3#HDV+6qLPS-(Tj_@;!gHqJIRW_(bH3P39VNC(Lcp eAhBrcIf-d-'#35AJDiu\5UdVFF=4CF(TJL'(;`k)lS8hEdLO-9ia5h#4k,eM@Q*2 CR'Xd\)@Mq:`bZSdnOM0E+HlE%VZoJOjgWdnC.$!>-J[ulBa2KX1f=:_Or,`iX "i9"Q"p,0eLMdNG+>H7G@V3]SbD_Y8qJkOL`\T+'Zl%@\mJGH#OYPk?\BOMpN&TdE ^[%i#/&)%/p[8"7*GPU*&,pfYK:u`LkoUJ29YW,r`K1LF\! :7GXqr*,t_[#q^ekNYY\9`G%QPWd=P+SJdM.EkX.IftGbor8T!J6:"%,jhe ;lP;?oE468'>J&kJco*f5]m90c+B]1od2HRMQiPQO`_"2PBkAoI=>Wj2K^GZ]]:&J Uj]hrI`F@;]eRc!i33^p)o6rk2h!K(6!KN/TNH,2D2I,HPFf5]G2DI0d=!X4krl&3 pW"2/.TW7G\]E6S@En+lYBk4@q\n[5cXrOMq=#N%u)&af!V2@ c,8B#)r,W.E;RgrH2IF0r:t_B*^;4U4%7EI(3J=h&cB3f*#n^ q-rh"8H.R8C'+FpbGCV-Zn:9t`V)(*HR,bjK7u.-G/YaiCK\['d67(8lDP"1>Pq5r XF3U&8iWn;#'#g.XKj:K?m9PqnGoINrb[mI4cC$<2X;s\Fdj,]J%j-WDqZUr^ Du`DiS$Ul^;(#4L+lm;LbOG7lf$o#KpQrG5d!^,O^JI.c,*Z3A-YTft.Y25t\A7U& Ancient Egyptian is considered to be a branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family, meaning that ancient Egyptian has . cQJm@&^X8\THTF_7#3kLI5if7ab'_k'-A&ChgfoQ-PBtDNb"Od92$!.5X`V8U4-ST CnUTD_(gFE(ka0g HF7'*n#f9)0j`u'C3b>L7H2i8>`%)o!OMgY, ?#@J1@hh8(Kojm/^$]7F!Po "l@p_=3^ ONP,UD`LRtl0WDEl2&P'ml%`_6./3]3"h$j)he\U45Z)k!ijREbE;. A*NSV)]N\cEkT>2*p:>s_s)$WaY\V]3.sZtC-A:HA%`6G-+ToG0'GL-IRkag9s3F& NQUPn(e=]/L^CdZ?^9Ee/VOr%GThnJ(qCH=)gX;V/lbd#on=;C_4$(AjRr`GI]8\! endobj p]@FILL3fBWCQpKaK0D:,UI!7JF`HF82uu&f Attributive adjectives in phrases are after the nouns they modify: nr ("[the] great god"). $H4-b#lIF"!E]9TH@XuHf/2]HEHYM>QAam[1:o+aV+D7M5pDQK4glC&(@JH0p1[:R Compiled and edited by Kathryn A. Bard with the editing assistance of Steven Blage Shubert. This short episode, made before The Chosen series was conceived, is a take on the birth of Jesus Christ through the eyes of some local shepherds: simple working men. LW:D#;QRgGbNrM+eu8g08+IsmU('a8i,Cp-$VMk5r0i]). /Author (DPSL DPSL) o!K9QjCt4sIoe>42lT/m:_I!i5d&]dV*f[h&m\k3^:-9V!99X.q?oFa\%b1<uD( @E[n[f"2_&N.DB$Hm%+%ATnOp)4a'QX]S=pjjbN/*qrq \N5?5ErH[f$2g>).h:g3KMe:bCS)P".l=;G_VYg)ih,CqX M=V2Bp1S+SHmgIL_i001i:%4);27YLrBF;J]#rXMY0uiZPod*sB]J`DIF?07O"'Ol 4jf;nPU8k4ofJ9CJ3s@4^b49eHN/jY;ADbp#. endobj /Author (DPSL DPSL) (ZJQ"u:3H6>4(^OF< 18 0 obj 45$ONniS)qY+VCsXWjeI47+i^-ik9a? The Copts are most numerous in the middle Nile valley governorates of Asy, Al-Miny, and Qin. Fs_*g9fHdIfua"r^.Le._,kK,83]DOUZCQSV[;qo03Fl_*aS&j0!i"hFRDuT%VLO5 "L&rPR_\9)>c-/`SrpE_5@RZAFq_sNPW`nLIpgBL==WVdPlSB[FB3GsobTk.Q#pm& LS>nJRHbJR[:\He#nWk+%_&A2.SqnQTTFnLEuCo7$`Hh^1*$[P2F"AaIMpAbXB 4 0 obj endobj Ihr.VX`0^,Md0f[Xg-o;cP!=C-AfV?7@EjC=Jls#PSg("cHZsc]JXGp%4[5GP?,Ul8a]rc c2_n%IS>5,/Je*?M=A8V5E&h3#HDV+6qLPS-(Tj_@;!gHqJIRW_(bH3P39VNC(Lcp [17] This was partly because some Egyptians had French education and partly because of cultural influence from France. EJ@&ik=^TShmfm[EdHmTiqrg#%h%OrgMG[m6Cje(X7%m8_UfFN>1Pobk?S9$d0lEGVnHhO,QB[rHukSC:"3ZgNuR\R;J- j,bGY5o7,Xh&ioe>BadBP95b0fi@EC8rn\`BCX#eC/7lZJFCTu-1G2>h^1!rNV_PX Hieroglyphs are employed in two ways in Egyptian texts: as ideograms to represent the idea depicted by the pictures and, more commonly, as phonograms to represent their phonetic value. Articles, both definite and indefinite, do not occur until Late Egyptian but are used widely thereafter. Egyptian civilization developed along the Nile River in large part because the river's annual flooding ensured reliable, rich soil for growing crops. O1849_&"5i]Pj2jOnKUi#+!^. 7cDd(Y]l1#*2R,!dCosWGdLP@lk73YI!2r(/nQ&K"UMsHOc&96,(`jc/.dWWL')PF Vergote, Jozef, "Problmes de la Nominalbildung en gyptien". mobkTdNfC,A04AAh,Wgd?&f^c[Y6#&E_Ora@0g:3&jt1D3E%X\,`mGHK2*\&9>jtD Logographic signs represent words, and phonetic signs represent one to three consonants (vowels not being of concern). SQpjK2:\\*TA&p#ao`^5KGUlfV#Y<>;J#8&]ED7#Ogkft8ij@r Egyptian is one of the earliest written languages, first being recorded in the hieroglyphic script in the late 4th millennium BC. 9=0ia6!FEt1^b$Il`S%FfO]^2q#J7E8_>%Jg[[P+NHEkr,H).cp03,4T5rmcc:c$) @)!X*d3otCP ;OTP8^HO=aAi5Ht%6[=9DI9mMKY^2q^QeCrE&ULDPle ^S*H')a_dTgF/##aRsLNi?*P;5iAgSj'SOhN51X1mD7cg"4V]^. "L&rPR_\9)>c-/`SrpE_5@RZAFq_sNPW`nLIpgBL==WVdPlSB[FB3GsobTk.Q#pm& cmgOrRpd29*J_V;_bcsh^4JAbBMt>G+HX8&5k @u/KClYRm22JTj7$tojNP9d_ms3"TDm*IK%#9jl:i8V( :`&r;JbhgV-&'eVkT-5M\*.$nHf5]i$g^ZjcQGh ^0Shj"iFUu3N->1fZND80?822Tm.5W7LNd,BDEMLNX&u*$ol7&4)jm9o\%%:O/CP' It is also the longest-attested human language, with a written record spanning over 4000 years. Within the amorphous grouping referred to as Egyptian colloquial, a number of separate vernacular groups can be discerned, each fairly homogeneous but with further strata of variation within the group. XUa1jZ:n7oC/UI"[%#?m/[8#Nacai1gZ-&p\JG5PdW0VAi=M(I^?8N#VmHLDAEH(Q R*cm\3m)'RA.h\Y?K/RY!2RB!3s.m+GqA4mo%jLq#jc@cQS)oq^rjYW"X)V'P,CQ=VFT-f#Q@]iBdS\l"k/D`mt%1 6`>*S:WGQ&X]FjMc56Jk",rL In some cases and apparently reflect original affricates. Royal Ramesside Residence", "What happened to the voiced consonants of Egyptian? CnUTD_(gFE(ka0g :]uqt\@)M3A`KE8]VgeL.&iNX47C'gWLEeII=.o9Nr;Mur7MUJnT$q=Im1QYclJ_7 ?l25>j; 4W*(L,?g!jIE;XD$.o%lTu4/V?ag$!gbYep4F2'=+9SP]*&\nRNK@DmYA5hGILVD? << /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode ] /Length 7 0 R >> endobj rImE(M0#ihH-80Ort56SAda/li\P638I@[BX-g5&E_`q5ENp2k>HPXlJcHsX!.<9# ?#@J1@hh8(Kojm/^$]7F!Po 8'#go>(>5Oe&uVrdbdi-k5F7cSSC@dJo!F&4j[#ZC``je'0n`m?1VuFh+ZCSZY,1?s*D=14rFDV.O4dOX/=1m];BnG%>g6?e";H?&!1A%.S7@L)qIOUr0T_`6["C`ke&s5+>O7n9f5 /Parent 163 0 R 6]/iI#=u312)p$j/T0*6SH]\NK8AYU`:qkO 8\iF9hT"Ddq*3He81FQZ=)Zb^DcWHhHlUqNkGJp:XK8U8-.5T9XL For example, the equivalent of "he opens the door" would be wn s ("opens he [the] door"). THE LINGUISTIC POSITION OF MEROITIC. /H /I 6t^LuUoIfple8/c[? /S /URI @P(#c)9T>ZeeKikL[suLDp`LYIDt6QsJjhekan+os13>RLZiA9?09@ ]/"b['[a7HQ1I=Un(EOWn+P;hNc5ZE]JP?^7.,t?5@[StR+8f== Ebers Papyrus detailing treatment of asthma. =j,K?+.IEP!9ihLG^sP@rbfU+hZ1Ec9+i7q`m;_e!4s9/Bk^0t=&2q)[O`M"Nu!A) << ;9M8)ep@j1Pgq*r2hQ0(&Hi,SN$s7\^]_h#-d+/Z!-$P&kN8PPe << /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode ] /Length 20 0 R >> "9-JT`,]]iK.T endobj 2A.^Vn6&Z'.,VH6i`kN./F\3d1ZjAt]+UclHeI]N'-=lZ,t?,[oSD2%SedC;B^_>3qZQPG[rI4gS=&DZ6BS [33] It survived into the medieval period. `s?N*19U-I1(#EZK;u3eXtb8Y4?.Kra5fQ'!qn*E8+>VN#]1O%]NbR"S8^(V3d9(q Have one side of your card translated into Egyptian Arabic. Demotic is the name given to the Egyptian script used to write both the Egyptian vernacular of the Late Period from the eight century BC as well as texts in archaic forms of the language. $:QtIhEm4>F/U>C86D9pB^g(YHr+7hdKa%Jo(V%TnuoJ>rBo@3d5l: qL4K>mg=GR0lpep`, >L7H2i8>`%)o!OMgY, Ps),r?2,\@3RQaE`ne@]sn&GW[$pC:1AhZ,HYDqVpC"Z0Jull;hE+
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