What did the people of England think of Henry VIII? - eNotes.com [74] Margaret Tudor wrote letters to her father declaring her homesickness, but Henry could do nothing but mourn the loss of his family and honour the terms of the peace treaty he had agreed to with the King of Scotland. Henry VII, also called (145785) Henry Tudor, earl of Richmond, (born January 28, 1457, Pembroke Castle, Pembrokeshire, Walesdied April 21, 1509, Richmond, Surrey, England), king of England (14851509), who succeeded in ending the Wars of the Roses between the houses of Lancaster and York and founded the Tudor dynasty . He would learn better as the new reign unfolded. Henry came to the throne following the death of his father, Henry VII. [39] Despite this, during his reign he became a fiscally prudent monarch who restored the fortunes of an effectively bankrupt exchequer. [49] The confused, fractious nature of Breton politics undermined his efforts, which finally failed after three sizeable expeditions, at a cost of 24,000. This book is a nonfiction look at King Henry the VII. Detailed Information. That is, suspicious, insecure and crafty but also determined, patient and fiercely proud of his Lancastrian ancestry. [35] In 1499, Henry had the Earl of Warwick executed. He also enacted laws against livery and maintenance, the great lords' practice of having large numbers of "retainers" who wore their lord's badge or uniform and formed a potential private army. For instance, except for the first few months of the reign, the Baron Dynham and the Earl of Surrey were the only Lord High Treasurers throughout his reign. A fresh look at the endlessly fascinating Tudorsthe dramatic and overlooked story of Henry VII and his founding of the Tudor Dynastyfilled with spies, plots, counterplots, and an uneasy royal succession to Henry VIII. King Henry the VII and King Henry the VIII both feared being invaded by foreign countries. During his 23-year reign, Henry had only two Lord High Treasurers, and this continuity helped provide stability. He was a ruler to be feared, a ruler to be paid. Hidden under the floor in St George's Chapel in Windsor, England where thousands of people walk every day, a forgotten tomb lies. His regime was magnificent, yet terrifying and oppressive. Henry VII ruled as Machiavelli, just after his reign, was to advise usurpers to do through fear rather than love. Penn explained that the marriage had been one of genuine love and that Henry was shattered by his wifes death. [76] He was succeeded by his second son, Henry VIII (reigned 150947), who would initiate the Protestant Reformation in England. His first son and heir apparent, Arthur, Prince of Wales, died suddenly at Ludlow Castle, very likely from a viral respiratory illness known at the time as the "English sweating sickness". (ROYAL HISTORY) Directors Stuart Elliott Genres Documentary, International Subtitles English [CC] Audio languages English. Why is Henry VIII's Tomb So Small When His Life Was So Very Opulent? Gaunt's nephew Richard II legitimised Gaunt's children by Swynford by Letters Patent in 1397. Henry the eighth was a renaissance King. Its inhabitant was once one of England's most exuberant kings, yet his resting place was only re-discovered in 1813. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Henry VIII was the first English king to be called "Your Majesty.". Claiming the throne by just title of inheritance and by the judgment of God in battle, he was crowned on October 30 and secured parliamentary recognition of his title early in November. Its restoration by the Magnus Intercursus was very much to England's benefit in removing taxation for English merchants and significantly increasing England's wealth. Henry responded to this threat by embedding spies into households. 'Winter King,' a Portrait of Henry VII - The New York Times By this marriage, Henry VII hoped to break the Auld Alliance between Scotland and France. The devastated King became so ill that he was close to death, but then he recovered and Penn explains that when he took control once more, he was remorseless. His early reign was plagued by pretenders to the throne, giving the new Tudor dynasty a rocky start and a fear of conspiracy which dogged Henry VII throughout his life. Wow, it was like being battered by facts without remission for good intentions. [77][78] His mother died two months later on 29 June 1509. [citation needed], In 1506, Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller Emery d'Amboise asked Henry VII to become the protector and patron of the Order, as he had an interest in the crusade. Next month find out more on someone known as The Winter Queen! 4. His spies and informers were everywhere. Henry was also worried by the treason of Edmund de la Pole, earl of Suffolk, the eldest surviving son of Edward IVs sister Elizabeth, who fled to the Netherlands (1499) and was supported by Maximilian. [citation needed], Henry's most successful diplomatic achievement as regards the economy was the Magnus Intercursus ("great agreement") of 1496. [citation needed], To secure his hold on the throne, Henry declared himself king by right of conquest retroactively from 21 August 1485, the day before Bosworth Field. 7.1 59min 2013 16+. An easy read? When they married in 1396 they already had four children, including Henry's great-grandfather John Beaufort. He cemented his claim by marrying Elizabeth of York, daughter of King Edward IV. He was, said Penn, a man who never knew a moments peace during his reign. [7] He came from an old, established Anglesey family that claimed descent from Cadwaladr, in legend, the last ancient British king,[8] and on occasion Henry displayed the red dragon of Cadwaladr. Iain Hollingshead reviews Henry VII: Winter King, a BBC Two documentary which examines how the first Tudor monarch came to power and went on to have a 23-year reign. He was the founder of the Tudor dynasty, and his marriage to Elizabeth Woodville brought together the too sides that were facing off during the Wars of the Roses (the Lancasters and the Yorks) basically uniting the two houses into a single family. Henry himself was clearly a distant figure who governed through his ministers, but this means that it's quite hard to get much of a sense of his character from the few sources available. To unite the opponents of Richard III, Henry had promised to marry Elizabeth of York, eldest daughter of Edward IV; and the coalition of Yorkists and Lancastrians continued, helped by French support, since Richard III talked of invading France. [17] Now supported by Francis II's prime minister, Pierre Landais, Richard III attempted to extradite Henry from Brittany, but Henry escaped to France. Watch for $0.00 with Prime. In other cases, he brought his over-powerful subjects to heel by decree. He made huge gobs of money binding his subjects to him with loyalty bonds. [33], In 1490, a young Fleming, Perkin Warbeck, appeared and claimed to be Richard of Shrewsbury, the younger of the "Princes in the Tower". Henry marries Catherine of Aragon. Having seen it pop up in a lot of papers' Books of the Year lists, I think I was expecting something altogether more gripping and dramatic, but in the end I thought the story of Henry VII and the Tudor succession was just not an especially thrilling tale. Get help and learn more about the design. After his victory at Bosworth Field, Henry married Edward IV's daughter Elizabeth of York. There's a lot of cloak-and-dagger stuff here, something Henry and certain of his counselors seemed especially skilled at, and it was those parts that I particularly enjoyed. [63] Despite this, Henry was keen to constrain their power and influence, applying the same principles to the justices of the peace as he did to the nobility: a similar system of bonds and recognisances to that which applied to both the gentry and the nobles who tried to exert their elevated influence over these local officials. On the debit side, he may have looked a little delicate as he suffered from poor health. The King, normally a reserved man who rarely showed much emotion in public unless angry, surprised his courtiers by his intense grief and sobbing at his son's death, while his concern for the Queen is evidence that the marriage was a happy one, as is his reaction to Queen Elizabeth's death the following year, when he shut himself away for several days, refusing to speak to anyone. Overspending by Henry VIII to pay for his lavish lifestyle and to fund foreign wars with France and Scotland are cited as . On 7th August 1485, he dropped anchor at Mill Bay, Milford Haven, and when he reached the beach he prayed Judge me, O Lord, and favour my cause. The odds were stacked against him in his quest to take the throne of England. Both were survivors and as united in death as in life, as their tomb in Westminster Abbey illustrates. In turn, Antwerp became an extremely important trade entrept (transshipment port), through which, for example, goods from the Baltic, spices from the east and Italian silks were exchanged for English cloth. Though outnumbered, Henry's Lancastrian forces decisively defeated Richard's Yorkist army at the Battle of Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485. [51], Henry VII was one of the first European monarchs to recognise the importance of the newly united Spanish kingdom; he concluded the Treaty of Medina del Campo, by which his son Arthur, Prince of Wales, was married to Catherine of Aragon. [3] Henry's paternal grandfather, Owen Tudor, originally from the Tudors of Penmynydd, Isle of Anglesey in Wales, had been a page in the court of King Henry V. He rose to become one of the "Squires to the Body to the King" after military service at the Battle of Agincourt. BBC - History - Henry VIII: Majesty with Menace He was the first monarch of the House of Tudor. Still, as Penn observes, the national sense of relief in 1509 was palpable. Warbeck won the support of Edward IV's sister Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy. Henry was a remarkable man. His account of Henry's government is more contentious than he lets on. Stanley was accused of supporting Warbeck's cause, arrested and later executed. Until the death of his wife, the evidence is clear from these accounting books that Henry was a more doting father and husband than was widely known and there is evidence that his outwardly austere personality belied a devotion to his family. He invited artists, musicians and scholars to live at his court. During Henry's early years, his uncle Henry VI was fighting against Edward IV, a member of the Yorkist Plantagenet branch. Through this, he found that his Lord Chamberlain, Sir William Stanley, was involved in the plot. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. After obtaining the dispensation, Henry had second thoughts about the marriage of his son and Catherine. Having secured financial backing from Florentine bankers in London, Cabot was granted carefully phrased letters patent from Henry in March 1496, permitting him to embark on an exploratory voyage westerly. There were some sections I had to skim because I didn't feel they were relevant to the storyline, but mostly I was hooked into this very complex King. When Henry VIII and Francis I Spent $19 Million on the Field of Cloth Henry VII was the King of England and Lord of Ireland from his seizure of the crown on 22 August 1485 to his death. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. [9] He took it, as well as the standard of St. George, on his procession through London after the victory at Bosworth. She was a great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster (fourth son of Edward III), and his third wife Katherine Swynford. This revived an earlier practice of using a small (and trusted) group of the Privy Council as a personal or Prerogative Court, able to cut through the cumbersome legal system and act swiftly. [72] Immediately afterwards, Henry became very sick and nearly died himself, allowing only his mother Margaret Beaufort near him: "privily departed to a solitary place, and would that no man should resort unto him. Sonnet XCVII - Massachusetts Institute of Technology His claim to the throne was precarious and he wanted to portray Richard III as a usurper. Henry, recognizing that Simnel had been a mere dupe, employed him in the royal kitchens. The baby died and Elizabeth, herself, died on 11th February 1503, her 37th birthday. [70] Henry VII falls among the minority of British monarchs that never had any known mistresses, and for the times, it is very unusual that he did not remarry: his son Henry was the only male heir left after the death of his wife, thus the death of Arthur created a precarious political position for the House of Tudor. The reigns of his three predecessors were interrupted or foreshortened. It was presented by historian Thomas Penn, author of Winter King and was an excellent examination of the King who, as Penn pointed out, tend to be eclipsed by Richard III, the glamour and notoriety of Henry VIII and the charisma of Elizabeth I. Thomas Penn's Winter King is not really a biography of Henry VII, and more a study of what he was directing his government to do in his name. In 1494, Henry embargoed trade (mainly in wool) with the Burgundian Netherlands in retaliation for Margaret of Burgundy's support for Perkin Warbeck. To be notified of special offers, news, new courses, and new tutors, please subscribe to our newsletter. Martin Luther 95 thesis. Edmund was created Earl of Richmond in 1452, and "formally declared legitimate by Parliament". Elizabeth did get pregnant, but then went into premature labour. If you are new the era, this wouldn't the first book I would pick up because it does flip flop around a bit in the beginning-but if you want to understand the players that ultimately have a significant impact on Henry VIII, this is the book for you. I would read more by this author. Henry VII comes across as a talented micromanager and financier. Though this was not achieved during his reign, the marriage eventually led to the union of the English and Scottish crowns under Margaret's great-grandson, James VI and I, following the death of Henry's granddaughter Elizabeth I. Even if the king outfaced his enemies in his lifetime, would they not forestall a Tudor succession? Based on the terms of the accord, Henry sent 6000 troops to fight (at the expense of Brittany) under the command of Lord Daubeney. Henry VII declared himself king by just title of inheritance and by the judgment of God in battle, after slaying Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. Warbeck was finally captured in 1497 and executed. Royal Collection Trust At the summit, even dinnerware testified to its owner's status. I found this really interesting, but Im a history nut. One interesting thing about him is his early youth and the fourteen years he spent in exile in France Brittany to be precise and those, I believe, made him the man he was eventually to become. Most often asked questions related to bitcoin. Stanley placed Richards circlet on Henrys head, he was now King. Thus, the two warring houses were joined in marriage. The wedding was a triumph but in April 1502 a messenger brought the King the news that his eldest son had died of sweating sickness. Supported at one time or another by France, by Maximilian I of Austria, regent of the Netherlands (Holy Roman emperor from 1493), by James IV of Scotland, and by powerful men in both Ireland and England, Perkin three times invaded England before he was captured at Beaulieu in Hampshire in 1497. Here was a young man who enjoyed jousting, who enjoyed chatting with the other knights in the tiltyard and with people of low degree. Why is this ambitious? [citation needed] The first was the 1486 rebellion of the Stafford brothers, abetted by Viscount Lovell, which collapsed without fighting. [a] Henry's mother, Margaret Beaufort, was a descendant of the Lancastrian branch of the House of Plantagenet. Letters to relatives have an affectionate tone not captured by official state business, as evidenced by many written to his mother Margaret. Henry then consolidated his reign with magnificent architecture, an opulent household and money. But now, sensitivity readers are pushing back . He had enough of that getting himself to the throne. Henry VII is also known as Henry Tudor. [40], Henry VII improved tax collection in the realm by introducing ruthlessly efficient mechanisms of taxation. [citation needed], By 1509, justices of the peace were key enforcers of law and order for Henry VII. Henry VII was king of England from 1485 to 1509. "King Henry VII" redirects here. When Henry VIII Wrestled the King of Franceand Lost He had, Bacon added, much to be suspicious about, "his times" being "full of secret conspiracies and troubles". The country was in a perpetual state of emergency and Henrys subjects were scared and resentful. By subscribing you confirm that you have read and agree to the Privacy Policy [opens in new window] and the Terms & Conditions [opens in new window]. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright . His history plays depicted the dramatic conflicts of the wars of the roses, which Henry's accession after his victory at Bosworth in 1485 brought to an end. [8], In 1456, Henry's father Edmund Tudor was captured while fighting for Henry VI in South Wales against the Yorkists. He had to pay a 500 fine to save himself, to buy a pardon for the crime. [citation needed], In 1502, Henry VII's life took a difficult and personal turn in which many people he was close to died in quick succession. He had brought the country to the brink of dynastic ambition, but not quite, so his closest advisers kept his death secret until St Georges Day, the annual meeting of the Order of the Garter. He spent his entire reign fixated on eliminating or disarming his enemies, and stabilizing England after the bloody, seemingly endless War of the Roses. His host was Francis, the Duke of Brittany, who saw Henry Tudor as a pawn in the game between Edward VI and the King of France. Henry IV had confirmed Richard IIs legitimation (1397) of the children of this union but had specifically excluded the Beauforts from any claim to the throne (1407). From 1527 Henry pursued what became known as "the King's great matter": his divorce from Catherine. Several of Richard's key allies, such as Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland, and also Lord Stanley and his brother William, crucially switched sides or left the battlefield. Files Welcome Pack of 5 goodies, 28 January 1457 Birth of Henry VII at Pembroke Castle, 30 October 1485 Coronation of Henry VII, Henry VIIIs Enforcer: The Rise and Fall of Thomas Cromwell A Review and Rundown, Henry VII: Winter King A Review and Rundown, 31 May 1533 The Coronation Procession of Queen Anne Boleyn, Why I think Henry VIII was ultimately responsible for Anne Boleyns downfall, 4 March 1522 Anne Boleyn plays Perseverance, The Boleyns of Hever Castle now 99p on Kindle on Amazon UK, YouTube Live 4 March 2023 The Fascinating Background of Henry VIII.
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