Previous studies have shown that in unexposed control rats, hippocampal neurons are aligned in neat rows in which the edges are clear, nuclei are clear, nucleoli can be observed, and pyramidal cells do not exhibit obvious necrosis. PPT Scientific, technical publications in the nuclear field | IAEA 2002;57:2702. PDF Electromagnetic Waves and Human Health - IntechOpen Nicholson RM, Kusne Y, Nowak LA, LaFerla FM, Reiman EM, Valla J. Decreased expression of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA-encoded genes of oxidative phosphorylation in association neocortex in Alzheimer disease. [16] investigated workers who worked at a television transmitter station with a frequency ranging between 202 and 209MHz, 694701MHz, 750757MHz, or 774781MHz and at a medium-wave broadcasting station. Ann N Y Acad Sci. [92] found that 900MHz microwave radiation emitted by mobile phones increased protein carbonyl levels in the brains of rats, suggesting that 900MHz microwave radiation can alter some biomolecules such as proteins. [102] exposed rats to 9.15MHz microwaves (SAR: 0.4mW/g) for 2h. They found that in the cerebellum of all the exposed animals, 11 genes were up-regulated from 1.34- to 2.74-fold, and one gene was down-regulated 0.48-fold. The relationship between NMDA receptors and microwave induced learning and memory impairment: a long term observation on Wistar rats. Finally, Hardell et al. Privacy After irradiation was applied for 2h/d for 60 d, the authors observed the following: microwave radiation produced by mobile phones damaged the brains of adult and young rats, the damage caused by mobile phones in the calling state was significantly more severe than that observed in the standby group, and the neurons of young rats were more seriously injured than those of adult rats. This phenomenon may be explained by the varied radiation dosage adopted in these studies. Statistically significant changes were detected in the EEG- bands of six individuals and in the 1 and 2 bands of four subjects in the higher SAR group. Repeated Wi-Fi studies show that Wi-Fi causes oxidative stress, sperm/testicular damage, neuropsychiatric effects including EEG changes, apoptosis, cellular DNA damage, endocrine changes, and calcium overload. Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in vivo and is characterized by a biochemical state that tends toward oxidization, including the formation of oxygen free radicals (i.e., ROS) and nitrogen radicals reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which play major roles in oxidation. Richter et al. Kang D, Hamasaki N. Mitochondrial transcription factor a in the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA. The results showed that at 6h, 1 d and 3 d after exposure, the groups in which the average power density was 10mW/cm2 or 50mW/cm2 displayed significant deficits in spatial learning and memory. Google Scholar. Concurrently, the discovery that microwaves have positive biological effects has presented new challenges for research and applications in this field. Mol Cell Biol. 2013;23:306. Microwave irradiation affects radial-arm maze performance in the rat. 2009;4:e4389. 2010;28:445. Because the frequency of microwaves is sufficiently high that the energy is absorbed, the subsequent heating of tissue becomes its major mechanism, and most biochemical and physiological responses are temperature-dependent. MicroRNAs and neurodegeneration: role and impact. PubMed Article 2002;5:18995. In addition, another study showed that significant psychiatric symptoms were observed in people who worked in these areas. With the increasing number of applications that use microwave technology, its negative effects on the human body have attracted attention. 2005;1042:1018. Im HI, Kenny PJ. Among the variety of neurotransmitters, glutamate is the most abundant endogenous amino acid in the mammalian central nervous system. To investigate whether exposure of rat brains to GMS microwaves induced DNA breaks and changes in gene expression, Belyaev et al. Bioelectromagnetics. Cite this article. Exposure to microwaves and silencing p-synapsin I reduced the release of GABA, and maximum reduction was achieved when both were combined, indicating a synergistic effect. 2008;29:52738. Symptoms included headache, paresthesia, diarrhea, malaise and lassitude. Effects of fetal microwave radiation exposure on offspring behavior in mice. 2016;53:210011. 1993;13:41322. [101] exposed rats to microwave radiation at frequencies of 0, 900, 1800 and 2450MHz (SARs: 0, 0.59, 0.58 and 0.66mW/kg, respectively) using a transverse electromagnetic cell for 2months for 2h/d, 5 d/week. Wang L, Hu X, Peng R. Influence of long-term microwave radiation on contents of amino acids and monoamines in urine of Wistar rats. At present, due to a general consensus that the most significant parameter for . J Environ Health Sci Eng. Preece A, Iwi G, Davies-Smith A, Wesnes K, Butler S, Lim E, et al. PDF Possible effects of Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) on Human Health Interaction of Radiation with Matter - GSU -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases, Cross-modal visual-tactile object recognition, Digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone, International agency for research on cancer, Miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents, Scientific committee on emerging and newly identified health risks. found that long-term treatment with a low dose of microwave radiation reduced the activity and the number of excitatory synapses. 2009;64:2314. Mikrobiolohichny zhurnal (Kiev, Ukraine: 1993) Serge Voychuk. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Kizil G, Kizil M, Cakir DU, Yokus B. Additionally, people exposed to military microwave sources were more vulnerable to brain tumors. We should ensure that we avoid excessive exposure to microwave radiation in daily life activities and use mobile phones appropriately despite information about its positive effects. Predictors and overestimation of recalled mobile phone use among children and adolescents. Cell Biochem Biophys. ranging from as long as one meter to as short as one. In 2011, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) announced that microwave radiation has potentially carcinogenic effects (2B). 1994;10:13548. It has been proposed that by enhancing the functions of acetylcholine, glucose can increase the concentration of free calcium ions in the synapse to reverse microwave-induced damage to learning and memory. 2000;11:4135. Neuroreport. The three groups were further divided into two groups according to their years of service (up to 10years and >10years) to investigate the effect of years of exposure to radar. Article 2015;91:55561. Nat Med. Cobb BL, Jauchem JR, Adair ER. Positive results were obtained in Morris water maze tests that demonstrated that microwaves influenced learning and memory in rats. The results demonstrated the ability of electric magnetic field (EMF) to influence plasma melatonin and serotonin concentrations in radar workers. J Med Food. Nature. [42] found similar results. Wang L, Peng R, Hu X, Gao Y, Wang S, Zhao L, et al. Int J Hyg Environ Health. Dasdag et al. J Neurosci. frequency range from 1GHz to 10^6 GHz. Bioelectromagnetics. Above all, because of biases and variations in investigation methods, no conclusive evidence has been presented that microwaves cause cancer. 2005;161:52635. 2006;27:11926. Kesari KK, Behari J. Fifty-gigahertz microwave exposure effect of radiations on rat brain. 2011;31:2293301. Springer Nature. CAS Cancer in radar technicians exposed to radiofrequency/microwave radiation: sentinel episodes. Li Z, Peng RY, Wang SM, Wang LF, Gao YB, Ji D, et al. 2012;21:6209. These results explain the genetic mechanisms by which microwave radiation induces damage to learning and memory. Merola P, Marino C, Lovisolo G, Pinto R, Laconi C, Negroni A. Baer C, Claus R, Plass C. Genome-wide epigenetic regulation of miRNAs in cancer. Nakatani-Enomoto S, Furubayashi T, Ushiyama A, Groiss SJ, Ueshima K, Sokejima S, et al. Edelstyn N, Oldershaw A. Google Scholar. Furukawa H, Singh SK, Mancusso R, Gouaux E. Subunit arrangement and function in NMDA receptors. Exposure of rat brain to 915 MHz GSM microwaves induces changes in gene expression but not double stranded DNA breaks or effects on chromatin conformation. Biological effects of 2450 MHz microwave combined with -rays on rat cultured gliacytes. Chronic exposure to GSM 1800-MHz microwaves reduces excitatory synaptic activity in cultured hippocampal neurons. Campisi A, Gulino M, Acquaviva R, Bellia P, Raciti G, Grasso R, et al. Koivisto M, Krause CM, Revonsuo A, Laine M, Hmlinen H. The effects of electromagnetic field emitted by GSM phones on working memory. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains Bioelectromagnetics. Belyaev IY, Koch CB, Terenius O, Roxstrm-Lindquist K, Malmgren LO, Sommer HW, et al. Shahin S, Banerjee S, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. Am J Epidemiol. Dasdag et al. Particularly, the dramatically increasing number of mobile phones users rise significant concerns due to its potential damage on people exposed by radiofrequency waves. Muscat JE, Malkin MG, Thompson S, Shore RE, Stellman SD, McRee D, et al. Neurotoxicology. 1994;8:714. Wang L, Li X, Peng R, Gao Y, Zhao L, Wang S, et al. 1992;49:1818. Radiofrequency and Microwave Radiation - Health Effects | Occupational As a result, the existing data exhibit poor reproducibility and comparability. Sharma A, Sisodia R, Bhatnagar D, Saxena VK. Hippocampal acetylcholine release during memory testing in rats: augmentation by glucose. Qiao et al. Damage to learning abilities and reduction of glucose utilization in the limbic system of adult rats are closely linked [109]. Wang et al. But microwave refers to wavelengths in microns so the. 2006;5:389. 2011;107:35661. [63] exposed rat hippocampal neurons to microwaves (SAR values of 0.8W/kg and 2.4W/kg at an average power density of 1800MHz/d) and observed the formation of dendritic filopodial and dendritic branches and the maturation of dendritic spines in neurons from day 6 to 14. 2013;89:11007. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Regional changes in brain glucose metabolism reflect cognitive impairments in aged rats. statement and Most studies have suggested that microwave radiation can cause EEG abnormalities in experimental animals and participants, but some negative results have also been reported in studies using low-power microwaves. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 2013;34:58998. When nerve endings are excited, the vesicles release their contents into the synaptic cleft, resulting in synaptic transmission. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. Verma RK, Sisodia R, Bhatia A. Radioprotective role of Amaranthus Gangeticus Linn. The results showed that in normal EEGs, the (3.26.0Hz) and 2 (17.830.5Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the cortex, while the (6.017.8Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the hypothalamus. Radiat Res. In the probe test, the exposed group could not locate the platform and exhibited a significantly higher mean latency (i.e., 3-fold higher) to reach the target quadrant, and they spent only half the time that the controls spent in the target quadrant. Bioelectromagnetics. Kumar M, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. 2004;996:8996. Szmigielski [23] collected retrospective data for Polish soldiers over 15years and showed that the prevalence of brain cancer was higher in each age group. Standard devices used by military personnel that may pose electromagnetic hazards include radars and missile systems. 2005;130:591600. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. Ito K, Hirao A, Arai F, Takubo K, Matsuoka S, Miyamoto K, et al. Abe M, Bonini NM. In broadcasting, the sources of microwaves are mainly FM radio and TV broadcasting antennas, which produce frequencies ranging from 80 to 800MHz. The authors found that 2.4GHz microwave radiation reduced the expression of some miRNAs such as miR-106b-5p and miR-107 [98]. Lai et al. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. PubMed Central For example, it can shorten reaction times so that people can better cope with danger. 2009;27:556572. Radiofrequency (RF) and microwave (MW) radiation are electromagnetic radiation in the frequency ranges 3 kilohertz (kHz) - 300 Megahertz (MHz), and 300 MHz - 300 gigahertz (GHz), respectively. Lymphatic Systems: Due to chemical alterations within food substances, malfunctions occur in the lymphatic system, causing a degeneration of the body's ability to . J Radiat Res (Tokyo). [1] used 10 freely moving rats in which carbon electrodes were implanted in the cortex and dorsomedial hypothalamus. 1990;39:13543. Moreover, the popularization of mobile phones has made them the main source of brain exposure to radiation. Resting state cortical EEG rhythms in Alzheimer's disease: toward EEG markers for clinical applications: a review. 1984;11:4760. Previous studies have produced a large amount of information, and some progress has been made in theory, but the mechanisms have not yet been fully determined, and many points are still disputed. Nimchinsky EA, Sabatini BL, Svoboda K. Structure and function of dendritic spines. Bioelectromagnetics. Suhhova A, Bachmann M, Karai D, Lass J, Hinrikus H. Effect of microwave radiation on human EEG at two different levels of exposure. Interphone study group. Additionally, Larjabaara et al. PLoS One. CAS Naser D, Shahram T. Adverse health effects of occupational exposure to radiofrequency radiation in airport surveillance radar operators. Google Scholar. Int J Radiat Biol. Lnn S, Ahlbom A, Hall P, Feychting M. Long-term mobile phone use and brain tumor risk. Chronic nonmodulated microwave radiations in mice produce anxiety-like and depression-like behaviours and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain. However, these effects were not observed in radial arm maze tests. Researchers have also used the 12-arm maze test on rats to test spatial working ability after exposure to 2.45GHz pulse microwave radiation. Article It has been reported that microwave radiation can induce lipid peroxidation of cell membranes and produce apoptotic signals [74, 75]. Messier C, Durkin T, Mrabet O, Destrade C. Memory-improving action of glucose: indirect evidence for a facilitation of hippocampal acetylcholine synthesis. Of the numerous studies performed to explore the effects of mobile communication devices on humans, only a few have shown that cell phones and brain tumors are statistically correlated. The brain has been recognized as one of the organs that is most vulnerable to microwave radiation. [83] found that long-term exposure to microwave radiation (typical mobile phone, at an SAR level range of 0.170.37W/kg for 3h daily for 8months, or wireless digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone (DECT) base at an SAR level range of 0.0120.028W/kg for 8h/d for 8months) induced the synthesis of 143 proteins, including some neuronal function-associated proteins such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), glial maturation factor (GMF), apolipo protein E, heat-shock protein, cytoskeletal proteins and some proteins that are associated with metabolism in the brain. 2012;31:6774. Electromagnetic fields (EMF): do they play a role in children's environmental health (CEH)? In the cell experiments, the T allele was significantly more vulnerable to microwaves than the C allele with regard to its transcription factor binding ability and the transcriptional activity and mRNA and protein expression of NR2B. Here's What Would Happen If Your Body Was Microwaved - Grunge.com Xiong L, Sun CF, Zhang J, Gao YB, Wang LF, Zuo HY, et al. Richter ED, Berman T, Levy O. Terms and Conditions, Gage FH, Kelly P, Bjorklund A. BOOTP and DHCP.ppt anik301. Neuroreport. Smythe JW, Costall B. Neuroreport. Int J Radiat Biol. To determine the precise dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, further detailed studies must be performed. 2015;36:4804. The thermal effects of exposure to RF and microwave radiation are well established and fairly well understood. PubMed The effects are usually . 2014;70:84555. Cellular telephones and cancera nationwide cohort study in Denmark. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains. Google Scholar. The acute effects of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones on human attention. EEG is often used as a tool to diagnose Alzheimers disease [48]. Fragopoulou et al. Narayanan SN, Kumar RS, Potu BK, Nayak S, Mailankot M. Spatial memory perfomance of wistar rats exposed to mobile phone. To investigate the potential combined influence of maternal restraint stress and 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal exposure on postnatal development and behavior in the offspring of exposed rats, control, Wi-Fi-exposed, restrained and both Wi-Fi-exposed and restrained groups were established. Trends Cell Biol. their effects on the human body are vastly different: - Non-ionizing Radiation Frequency range: 0.1 - 1013 Hz . Behav Brain Res. Human SH-SY5YNB cells were exposed to 2.1GHz W-CDMA modulated microwave radiation for 24h at a specific absorption rate of 0.491W/kg. Many recent studies have reported that microwaves exposure affects EEG results [54,55,56,57]. 2003;11:346. Google Scholar. After studying these effects, Hertel concluded that microwaving food leads to food degeneration. The largest problem in these studies is that they used different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, power density and irradiation time, to apply microwave radiation, in addition to using a variety of research methods. They found that escape times were substantially decreased when the animals were trained while exposed to the phone. Effects of electromagnetic fields emitted from W-CDMA-like mobile phones on sleep in humans. While microwave oven radiation doesn't cause cancer, it can cause painful burns if you're exposed to them. J Radiat Proc. Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings - SlideShare static fields, health effects, human health, environmental effects, SCENIHR, Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks Opinion to be cited as: Suhhova et al. Microwave radiation can cause tissue damage by inducing localized microstructural damage to proteins [86, 87]. 2013;32:27380. Per the FDA, the microwave can heat human skin. Myhrer T. Neurotransmitter systems involved in learning and memory in the rat: a meta-analysis based on studies of four behavioral tasks. The interaction of microwaves with matter other than metallic conductors will be to rotate molecules and produce heat as result of that molecular motion. One of the bad impacts a microwave has on humans, is that some of the acids in the food people put in the microwave, gets transformed into a type of acid which turns poisonous. Suppl Clin Neurophysiol. B. Cordless phones effect Cordless phone same worked like a mobile phone. 2011;18:32533. Harris KM. 2009;158:12639. Biological Effects of Microwave Radiation - tandfonline.com Effect of microwave radiation on learning and memory. 2 Researchers have been working. Electromagnetic radiation can be absorbed by organisms, in which it causes a series of physiological and functional changes. [14] found that gliomas are not preferentially located in the parts of the brain with the highest exposure. However, there was no change in the frequency of AMPA mEPSCs or the amplitudes of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) mEPSCs. 2000;11:16413. Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic. Alterations of cognitive function and 5-HT system in rats after long term microwave exposure. Bioelectromagnetics. Stahlhut Espinosa CE, Slack FJ. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. Singh et al. In long-term epidemiological investigations of large population with occupational exposure, the results have not been consistent. This effect is similar to the decrease observed in NR2B in rats. 1988;9:33745. Kan P, Simonsen SE, Lyon JL, Kestle JR. Cellular phone use and brain tumor: a meta-analysis. [68] radiated Wistar rats with microwaves (30mW/cm2; SAR value, 14.1W/kg), and then detected the expression of synaptic vesicle-associated proteins and found that synaptophys in I and VAMP-2, which are synaptic fusion proteins, and synaptic vesicle proteins were abnormally expressed to different degrees. Ragozzino ME, Unick KE, Gold PE. Riedel G, Platt B, Micheau J. Glutamate receptor function in learning and memory. Qiao S, Peng R, Yan H, Gao Y, Wang C, Wang S, et al. radiations. Melatonin and serotonin levels were estimated, which play important roles in the nervous system. Megha et al. How a Microwave effects the human body? by jesse aarons - Prezi Biomed Environ Sci. The hippocampus plays roles in learning and memory, and the results of these studies suggest that the deficits in learning and memory functions observed after exposure to microwave irradiation might be due to abnormalities induced in hippocampal structures. Kayhan H, Esmekaya MA, Saglam AS, Tuysuz MZ, Canseven AG, Yagci AM, et al. Google Scholar. These conclusions are presented in Table2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0. 1 Microwave Theory and Techniqes | PDF | Microwave - Scribd Li H, Li C. Apoptosis gene expression and their relationship to mtDNA mutation in tumor tissues of gynecologic oncology patients.
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